Sunday, March 22, 2009

Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton,
Sir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727]) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian and one of the most influential men in human history.
In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth.
There is a popular story that Isaac Newton was sitting beneath an apple tree when an apple dropped on his head and this inspired him to create his universal theory of gravitation. The story is probably an exageration. In Newton's account of the event he was sitting at his window at his home, Woolsthorpe Manor and watched an apple fall from a tree in the garden which turned his thoughts to gravity.

Marie Sklodowska- Curie

Marie Sklodowska- Curie

(November 7, 1867 - July 4,1934)


















Marie Sklodowska was a physicist and a chemist. She was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity. She was married to Pierre Curie who was and instructor in the School of Physics and Chemistry. She died when she was 66 years old. She died from ‘aplastic anemia’ (a condition where the bone marrow does not produce new cells to replenish blood cells) because of too much exposure to radiation.

What inspired her in her childhood?

Marie Curie with her husband, Pierre Curie was inspired by the discovery of radioactivity by Henry Becquerel in 1896 which led to the isolation of polonium, named after Marie’s birth, and radium. She developed methods for the separation of radium from radioactive residues.

Why is her discovery important?

Her discovery is very important to some of us as it was also under personal direction that the world’s first studies were conducted into the treatment of cancer, using radioactive isotopes.

What are the challenges did she face in her life?

Her early researches, together with her husband, were often difficult as the laboratory arrangements were poor and both had to commit much teaching to earn a live hood. She also noted that as of that moment she had suddenly become "an incurably and wretchedly lonely person" after her Husband’s death. Pierre Curie died when was crossing a street and got hit by a horse drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, fracturing his skull.


Done by:•○• ♠Nazheef♠ •○•

Saturday, March 21, 2009

THOMAS GRAHAM.



THOMAS GRAHAM.
(21 December 1805 – 16 September 1869) was born in Glasgow, Scotland. Graham's father was a successful textile manufacturer, and wanted his son to enter into the Church of Scotland. Instead, defying his father's wishes, Graham became a student at the University of Glasgow in 1819. There he developed a strong interest in chemistry, and left the University after receiving his M.A. in 1826. He later became a professor of chemistry at numerous colleges, including the Royal College of Science and Technology and the University of London.
Graham also founded the
Chemical Society of London in 1841.
His final position was as the
Master of the Mint, where he stayed for 15 years until his death. He was the last person to hold that position.

What inspired him in his childhood?

Opportunities for graduate Scottish doctors in the 1840s were limitet unless they came from a wealthy or connected background. Thomas had neither background, so choices for a medical career were few. His options would have been to work in a hospital and eventually go into private practice, or join the services. Perhaps he was inspired by his seafaring uncle who was also named Thomas Graham and served with Nelson. He had in fact been fortunate to work in his brother's Longtown practice, so had the experience of that life, but opted for a different and much more exciting career.

What makes his discovery important ?

In 1829 Graham published a paper on the diffusion of gases. Observations on this subject had been made by Joseph Priestley and Johann Döbereiner, but it was Graham who formulated the law of diffusion. He compared the rates at which various gases diffused through porous pots, and also the rate of effusion through a small aperture, and concluded that the rate of diffusion (or effusion) of a gas at constant pressure and temperature is inversely proportional to the square root of its density.

What challenges did he faced in his life ?

Thomas Graham was born in 1818, in the small Scottish village of Ecclefechan, one hundred miles south of Edinburgh, where his father was a merchant. A village notable for being the birthplace of Thomas Carlyle, the famous Victorian author, who became known as the "Sage of Ecclefechan". Both Thomas' parents, and several brothers and sisters had died by the time he was eight years old, leaving him in the care of his twenty nine year old sister Catherine, who assumed the role of parent/guardian, responsible for his upbringing and education.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)

or

http://www.cenart.net/thomasgraham/sitefiles/about/story.htm


Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, the Netherlands. He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology. Using his handcrafted microscopes he was the first to observe and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels). Van Leeuwenhoek never wrote a book, just letters. Leeuwenkoek is often cited for his inability to control volume of his voice.


Portrait of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) by Jan Verkolje
Portrait of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) by Jan Verkolje
Born October 24, 1632(1632-10-24)
Delft, Netherlands
Died August 30, 1723 (aged 90)
Delft, Netherlands
Residence Netherlands
Nationality Dutch
Fields Microscopist
Known for Discovery of protozoa
First red blood cell description
Religious stance Dutch reformed
Issac Newton


Sir Isaac Newton was born on 4 January 1643. He was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher who is generally regarded as one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians in history.
Among other scientific discoveries, Newton realised that the spectrum of colours observed when white light passes through a prism is inherent in the white light and not added by the prism (as Roger Bacon had claimed in the thirteenth century), and notably argued that light is composed of particles.

From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King's School in Grantham.He was removed from school and by Oct 1659 he was to be found at Woolsthorpe, where his mother attempted to make a farmer of him. He was, by later reports of his contemporaries, thoroughly unhappy with the work. It appears to be Henry Stokes, master at the King's School, who persuaded his mother to send him back to school so that he might complete his education.

In June 1661 he matriculated to Trinity College, Cambridge.

When Newton arrived in Cambridge in 1661, the movement now known as the scientific revolution was well advanced, and many of the works basic to modern science had appeared.

Like thousands of other undergraduates, Newton began his higher education by immersing himself in Aristotle's work.

Even though the new philosophy was not in the curriculum, it was in the air.

A new set of notes, which he entitled Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae (Certain Philosophical Questions), begun sometime in 1664, usurped the unused pages of a notebook intended for traditional scholastic exercises; under the title he entered the slogan "Amicus Plato amicus Aristoteles magis amica veritas" ("Plato is my friend, Aristotle is my friend, but my best friend is truth").

Newton's scientific career had begun.

Newton died in London on March 20th, 1727, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

After his death, Newton's body was discovered to have had massive amounts of mercury in it, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life.

AND
Done by : Wan Xuan :D

Barbara McClintock


Born on June 16, 1902(1902-06-16)
Hartford, Connecticut, USA
Died on September 2, 1992 (aged 90)
Huntington, New York, USANationality: United States

Barbara McClintock was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the third of four children of physician Thomas Henry McClintock and Sara Handy McClintock. She was independent from a very young age, a trait McClintock described as her "capacity to be alone". From about the age of three until the time she started school, McClintock lived with an aunt and uncle in Massachusetts in order to reduce the financial burden on her parents while her father established his medical practice. The McClintocks moved to semi-rural Brooklyn, New York in 1908. She was described as a solitary and independent child, and a tomboy. She was close to her father, but had a difficult relationship with her mother.
McClintock completed her secondary education at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn.She discovered science at high school, and wanted to attend Cornell University to continue her studies. Her mother resisted the idea of higher education for her daughters, believing it would make them unmarriageable. The family also had financial problems. Barbara was almost prevented from starting college, but her father intervened, and she entered Cornell in 1919.
McClintock began her studies at Cornell's College of Agriculture in 1919. She studied botany, receiving a BSc in 1923. Her interest in genetics had been sparked when she took her first course in that field in 1921. The course was based on a similar one offered at Harvard University, and was taught by C. B. Hutchison, a plant breeder and geneticist. Barbara served as a graduate assistant in the Department of Botany from 1924 to 1927
In 1927, she was appointed as a botany instructor. In 1930, Barbara was the first person to describe the cross-shaped interaction of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In 1931, Barbara working with a graduate student Harriet Creighton proved the link between chromosomal crossover during meiosis and the recombination of genetic traits. She published the first genetic map for maize in 1931, showing the order of three genes on maize chromosome 9. In 1936, she accepted an Assistant Professorship in the Department of Botany at the University of Missouri. In 1938, Barbara produced a cytogenetic analysis of the centromere, describing the organization and function of the centromere.
For her groundbreaking work in the genetics of corn, she earned a place among the leaders in genetics. Barbara was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences in 1944. Almost half of the human genomes are composed of transposable elements or jumping DNA. In the 1940s Dr. Barbara first recognized jumping DNA in studies of peculiar inheritance patterns found in the colors of Indian corn. Jumping DNA refers to the idea that some stretches of DNA are unstable and "transposable," meaning they can move around - on and between the chromosomes. This particular theory was confirmed in the 1980s when scientists observed jumping DNA in other genomes. Now scientists believe transposons may be linked to some genetic disorders such as leukemia, hemophilia and breast cancer. They also believe that transposons may have played significant roles in human evolution. In 1983, Barbara McClintock was awarded the Nobel Prize in Genetics for the discovery of genetic transposition. She died in Huntington, New York on September 2, 1992. To this day, her work is relevant despite the fact that much of it was completed over half a century ago, before the advent of the molecular era.

Louis Pasteur




Louis Pastuer
December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895
He was a French chemist
(a) What inspired him in his childhood ?
Louis Pasteur was born in Dole, France but grew up in Arbois, an only son of a poorly educated tanner. In his early years his interests were bound with fishing and portrait painting. In fact, many contemporaries can attest to this home grown talent. All this however changed during his studies at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris. It was at this school that Pasteur was molded on the profession that he was destined to be in; thus started the long and arduous journey of scientific discovery.
(b) Why is his discovery important ?
His experiments supported the germ theory of disease, also reducing mortality from puerperal fever (childbed), and he created the first vaccine for rabies. He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness - this process came to be called Pasteurization. He is regarded as one of the three main founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch. Pasteur also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, most notably the molecular basis for the asymmetry of certain crystals.
(c) What challenges does he have to face in his life ?
He met and courted Marie Laurent, daughter of the university's rector in 1849. They were married on May 29, 1849 and together they had five children, only two of whom survived to adulthood. He grew up in Arbois, an only son of a poorly educated tanner.
&

Famous Scientists- Thomas Alva Edison



Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 - Oct. 18, 1931) was an American inventor who, singly or jointly, held a world record 1,093 patents. In addition, he created the world's first industrial research laboratory.
Edison's Childhood
Thomas Edison, to say the least, did not have an easy childhood. For instance, at the age of six he was responsible for starting a fire that destroyed the family barn. As punishment, he was publicly whipped by his father. Roughly a year after the fire incident, the family moved to Port Huron, Michigan where young Edison became ill and had to postpone his schooling until he was eight years of age.
At the age of twelve, Edison was obliged to start working instead of studying. He landed a job on the Grand Trunk Railway that made daily runs between Port Huron and Detroit. There he sold food, sweets and newspapers to the passengers. During the long layover in Detroit, Edison read books; he became one of the first patrons of the Detroit Free Library. It is said that Edison went systematically through their entire stock of books. Edison was also able to make himself a laboratory in the back of the train.
However, his job on the train caused Edison to become deaf. Due to the fired barn in his early childhood, he was inspired to discover something to make better life for human using his curiousity. His discovery of light bulbs introduce him to the world of inventions on electricity.
Importance of his discovery
Through his discovery, daily activities nowadays has been put to an ease. We use his discovery for work and studies.
Challenges he faced in his life
-The fire in the barn of his house that he had caused.
-The life of not going to school.
-The difficulties he encountered during his life.
-His deafness due to the train incident.
-The process of making light bulbs.
Moral
We must have perseverance like Thomas Alva Edison. We must never give up halfway.
DONE BY: DAYNA(: [1E4]

Thursday, March 19, 2009

Aristotle


He was a Greek philosopher.
(384 BC – 322 BC) Long died by now, thats why no photo of him.

He was born in was born in Stageira.

He is student of plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology.

Aristotle History

He "says that 'on the subject of reasoning' he 'had nothing else on an earlier date to speak of'". However, Plato reports that syntax was devised before him, by Prodicus of Ceos, who was concerned by the correct use of words. Logic seems to have emerged from dialectics; the earlier philosophers made frequent use of concepts like reductio ad absurdum in their discussions, but never truly understood the logical implications. Even Plato had difficulties with logic; although he had a reasonable conception of a deduction system, he could never actually construct one and relied instead on his dialectic. Plato believed that deduction would simply follow from premises, hence he focused on maintaining solid premises so that the conclusion would logically follow. Consequently, Plato realized that a method for obtaining conclusions would be most beneficial. He never succeeded in devising such a method, but his best attempt was published in his book Sophist, where he introduced his division method.

Info get from the below link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle#Collections_of_Aristotle.27s_works

Terminator 4 (Latest Released)

This is not related to science. Just some relaxation.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yDcJaJ5TbI&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXT3bU4kXls&feature=related

Mega Tsunami

Better than Mr Zul (our geograghy teacher) 's Video.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKSHPx5EHQk&feature=related

If you say this is (FAKE) , then watch all the five videos below.

Video 1 >> Video2 >> Video3 >> Video4 >> Video5 .

Tuesday, March 17, 2009

Benjamin Franklin :


a) What inspired him in his childhood ?
-Benjamin's period of formal schooling was less than two years, and at the age of ten he was put to work in his father's shop.
Benjamin Franklin was restless and unhappy in the shop.
His father took him into various shops in Boston, to see different artisans at work, in the hope that he would be attracted to some trade. But Benjamin Franklin saw nothing that he wished to pursue.
Colonial NewspapersHis fondness for books finally determined his career.
His older brother James was a printer, and in those days a printer had to be a literary man as well as a mechanic. James Franklin needed an apprentice and so Benjamin Franklin was bound by law to serve his brother, at the age of thirteen.
-On a visit to Boston in 1746 he saw some electrical experiments and at once became deeply interested.
A friend, Peter Collinson of London, sent him some of the crude electrical apparatus of the day, which Franklin used, as well as some equipment he had purchased in Boston.
b) Why is his discovery important ?
-Benjamin Franklin's mechanical ingenuity first revealed itself during his employment as a printer. He invented a method of casting type and making ink.
He anonymous printed a pamphlet on "The Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency" calling attention to the need for paper money in Pennsylvania, and succeeded in winning the contract to print the money.Benjamin Franklin carried on experiments with the Leyden jar, made an electrical battery, killed a fowl and roasted it upon a spit turned by electricity, sent a current through water to ignite alcohol, ignited gunpowder, and charged glasses of wine so that the drinkers received shocks.

-More important, perhaps, he began to develop the theory of the identity of lightning and electricity, and the possibility of protecting buildings by iron rods. Using an iron rod he brought down electricity into his house, and studied its effect upon bells, he concluded that clouds were generally negatively electrified.

c) What challenges does he have to face in his life ?
-Benjamin Franklin was bound by law to serve his brother
-He ran away from home .

Monday, March 16, 2009

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff


Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff


30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911

Dutch physical and organic chemist

winner of the inaugural Nobel Prize in chemistry

born in Rotterdam, Netherlands




What inspired him in his childhood?



He was interested in science and nature, he frequently took part in botanical excursions, and his receptiveness for philosophy and his predilection for poetry were already apparent in his early school years.


His idol was George Gordon Byron. A British poet and a leading figure in Romanticism.

Why is his discovery important?

In 1874 he accounted for the phenomenon of optical activity by assuming that the chemical bonds between carbon atoms and their neighbors were directed towards the corners of a regular tetrahedron. This three-dimensional structure perfectly accounted for the isomers found in nature

What challenges does he have to face in his life?

His father was a medical doctor and did not want him to study chemistry but he went on and received his doctorate.


He suffered from tuberculosis. A deadly infectious disease that attacks the lungs.

He died at the age of 58 from the disease.

Done by: Yee Boon Kiat ( Winson Yee)

source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff
http://www.google.com/

Sunday, March 15, 2009

Albert Einstein


Albert Einstein
Physicist & Genius
Born in 1879 , died in 1955

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm , Germany . His father was an electrical engineer , and his mother was a musician . She taught him to appreciate music , and he learnt to play the violin . Albert was a famous scientist who discovered things such as the photoelectric effect & the special theory of relatively .

(a) What inspired him in his childhood ?

1. When he was four and sick in bed , his father gave him a compass . He was fascinated by the way the needle always pointed north . This experience helped to create a great curiosity in him and had an impact on the rest of his life .

2. His Uncle Jakob was a strong influence in his life . He gave Albert math books about algebra and geometry . Uncle Jakob described algebra as "a merry science" . He said algebra could be compared to hunting a little animal . You didn't know the name of the animal , so you called it "x" . Then when you finally caught the animal you gave it the correct name . He made learning fun for the boy and also provided a model for teaching that Albert would later use . In the future , he would explain his theories by using examples of trains , elevators , and ships .

(b) Why is his discovery important ?

1.
Special Theory of Relativity :
Albert Einstein discovered the law for energy , as shown by the theoretical equation :
E = mc^2
Energy = mass x speed of light ^ squared
This made atomic power (peaceful as well as weapons) possible .

2.
The photoelectric effect :
It was known that when light was shone on certain substances , the substances gave out electrons , but that only the number of electrons emitted , and not their energy , was increased when the strength of the light was increased .
Virtually , no one accepted his proposal until a decade later when the American physicist Robert Andrews Millikan experimentally confirmed the theory .
His efforts helped out with the development of the quantum theory (mechanics) .
For this contribution , Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for 1921 .

(c) What challenges does he have to face in his life ?
When he was very young , he was slow in development . He didn't speak until he was two years old , and even when he was older , he had trouble answering a question. He would first silently mouth the words to himself and then slowly answer out loud . His teachers thought he would never be successful at anything .
Einstein has difficulty asserting his will and desires directly and openly . He may also suppress his anger and aggressiveness . Developing self-confidence , courage , and faith in himself are important tasks for Einstein .

Sources :
Done by : Brenda(:

Friday, March 13, 2009

Assignment Example: Jane Goodall











Jane Goodall
Background:
Jane Goodall was born on April 3, 1934 in London, England, where she stayed until she was 12. Then, her parents separated and she moved into the countryside with her mother. Even at the age of 74, she is still actively championing causes for the environment and has set up Roots and Shoots, an organisation that encourages youth to get involved and help the environment as a global community.


What inspired him or her in childhood?

As a child,
(1) she was given a lifelike chimpanzee toy named Jubilee by her father which piqued her interest in animals
(2) she had always dreamt of going to Africa, from books that she read on Tarzan, and from Dr Dolittle she dreamt of being able to talk to animals, (3) she was innately curious about her surroundings in the countryside and kept discovering new things everyday,


(4) she also shared her stories with her encouraging parents. Once, Jane's mother was calling her in for dinner when she found Jane quietly sitting in a chicken coop, watching how chickens lay eggs. Jane had been there for five hours, fascinated and watching closely. Jane's mother joined her and listen closely to what Jane had seen over the past few hours.











Why is her discovery important?


(1) It increased awareness of communication between other animal species (e.g. dolphins)



(2) It made people re-think the idea of what it was that made man different from chimpanzees, since chimpanzees can do a lot of things that man can do, such as using simple tools in their daily life (using twigs to scrape out food, using a rock to crack nuts, making a sponge out of leaves to draw water out of a waterhole).


What challenges does she have to face in her life?

(1) She had to pay for her own trip to Africa (which had been her childhood dream) by working and keeping two jobs



(2) Her family and many others objected to her idea of living alone among wild animals


(3)Her first attempt to observe closely a group of chimpanzees failed

(4) She suffered from a neurological condition that prevented her from memorizing faces and patterns

But she overcame all these problems through sheer determination, strong will and good planning and strategy.

Sources:

http://www.janegoodall.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Goodall

Assignment One: Famous Scientists in History

Teaching of Science through History
Science is not a static field of knowledge but a constant movement towards new discoveries. Science is also not limited to a particular culture but crosses borders of language, race and nationalities. Some of the greatest innovations of the past came from the Chinese who were the first to design the printing press and gunpowder, and the Arabs, whose discoveries on traditional medicine and astronomy contributed greatly to the field of knowledge for future generations to make even better discoveries to improve our knowledge of the world and quality of life.



Famous Scientists of the Past


Ibn Sina
Widely regarded as the father of modern medicine (Researched on infectious diseases and drugs from natural sources)
(980-1037)




Isaac Newton
Developed laws of physics that are still used until today
(1642-1727)



Marie Curie
Physicist& Chemist
Discovered radioactivity or breaking down of atoms
(1867-1934)
You are to research on a famous scientist and on his discovery that improved lives.
As part of the assignment, you are to answer the following questions:
(a) What inspired him/her in his childhood?
(b) Why is his/her discovery important?
(c) What challenges does he/she have to face in his/her life?


This is an online assignment. You are to post the scientist that you are doing on by Tuesday, 17th March and hand in the first draft of the assignment with all the questions above by Saturday, 21st March.

Thursday, March 12, 2009

Welcome to Sec 1E4's (2009) Fun Blog!

Welcome to Sec1E4's Reservoir of Learning, which is a meaningful collaboration between 1E4 students in exploring questions on science and embarking on new discoveries.
This blog is mainly for
(1) students to post individual assignments requiring self-directed learning on a particular topic as well as
(2) posting of extensions of topics that are covered in lesson curriculum.