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Wednesday, April 1, 2009
Sunday, March 22, 2009
Sir Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton,
Sir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727]) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian and one of the most influential men in human history.
In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth.
There is a popular story that Isaac Newton was sitting beneath an apple tree when an apple dropped on his head and this inspired him to create his universal theory of gravitation. The story is probably an exageration. In Newton's account of the event he was sitting at his window at his home, Woolsthorpe Manor and watched an apple fall from a tree in the garden which turned his thoughts to gravity.
Sir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727]) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian and one of the most influential men in human history.
In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth.
There is a popular story that Isaac Newton was sitting beneath an apple tree when an apple dropped on his head and this inspired him to create his universal theory of gravitation. The story is probably an exageration. In Newton's account of the event he was sitting at his window at his home, Woolsthorpe Manor and watched an apple fall from a tree in the garden which turned his thoughts to gravity.
Marie Sklodowska- Curie
Marie Sklodowska- Curie
Marie Sklodowska was a physicist and a chemist. She was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity. She was married to Pierre Curie who was and instructor in the School of Physics and Chemistry. She died when she was 66 years old. She died from ‘aplastic anemia’ (a condition where the bone marrow does not produce new cells to replenish blood cells) because of too much exposure to radiation.
What inspired her in her childhood?
Marie Curie with her husband, Pierre Curie was inspired by the discovery of radioactivity by Henry Becquerel in 1896 which led to the isolation of polonium, named after Marie’s birth, and radium. She developed methods for the separation of radium from radioactive residues.
Why is her discovery important?
Her discovery is very important to some of us as it was also under personal direction that the world’s first studies were conducted into the treatment of cancer, using radioactive isotopes.
What are the challenges did she face in her life?
Her early researches, together with her husband, were often difficult as the laboratory arrangements were poor and both had to commit much teaching to earn a live hood. She also noted that as of that moment she had suddenly become "an incurably and wretchedly lonely person" after her Husband’s death. Pierre Curie died when was crossing a street and got hit by a horse drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, fracturing his skull.
Done by:•○• ♠Nazheef♠ •○•
Saturday, March 21, 2009
THOMAS GRAHAM.
THOMAS GRAHAM.
(21 December 1805 – 16 September 1869) was born in Glasgow, Scotland. Graham's father was a successful textile manufacturer, and wanted his son to enter into the Church of Scotland. Instead, defying his father's wishes, Graham became a student at the University of Glasgow in 1819. There he developed a strong interest in chemistry, and left the University after receiving his M.A. in 1826. He later became a professor of chemistry at numerous colleges, including the Royal College of Science and Technology and the University of London.
Graham also founded the Chemical Society of London in 1841.
His final position was as the Master of the Mint, where he stayed for 15 years until his death. He was the last person to hold that position.
What inspired him in his childhood?
Opportunities for graduate Scottish doctors in the 1840s were limitet unless they came from a wealthy or connected background. Thomas had neither background, so choices for a medical career were few. His options would have been to work in a hospital and eventually go into private practice, or join the services. Perhaps he was inspired by his seafaring uncle who was also named Thomas Graham and served with Nelson. He had in fact been fortunate to work in his brother's Longtown practice, so had the experience of that life, but opted for a different and much more exciting career.
What makes his discovery important ?
In 1829 Graham published a paper on the diffusion of gases. Observations on this subject had been made by Joseph Priestley and Johann Döbereiner, but it was Graham who formulated the law of diffusion. He compared the rates at which various gases diffused through porous pots, and also the rate of effusion through a small aperture, and concluded that the rate of diffusion (or effusion) of a gas at constant pressure and temperature is inversely proportional to the square root of its density.
What challenges did he faced in his life ?
Thomas Graham was born in 1818, in the small Scottish village of Ecclefechan, one hundred miles south of Edinburgh, where his father was a merchant. A village notable for being the birthplace of Thomas Carlyle, the famous Victorian author, who became known as the "Sage of Ecclefechan". Both Thomas' parents, and several brothers and sisters had died by the time he was eight years old, leaving him in the care of his twenty nine year old sister Catherine, who assumed the role of parent/guardian, responsible for his upbringing and education.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)
or
http://www.cenart.net/thomasgraham/sitefiles/about/story.htm
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, the Netherlands. He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology. Using his handcrafted microscopes he was the first to observe and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels). Van Leeuwenhoek never wrote a book, just letters. Leeuwenkoek is often cited for his inability to control volume of his voice.  Portrait of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) by Jan Verkolje | |
| Born | October 24, 1632 Delft, Netherlands |
|---|---|
| Died | August 30, 1723 (aged 90) Delft, Netherlands |
| Residence | Netherlands |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Fields | Microscopist |
| Known for | Discovery of protozoa First red blood cell description |
| Religious stance | Dutch reformed |
Issac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton was born on 4 January 1643. He was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher who is generally regarded as one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians in history.
Sir Isaac Newton was born on 4 January 1643. He was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher who is generally regarded as one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians in history. Among other scientific discoveries, Newton realised that the spectrum of colours observed when white light passes through a prism is inherent in the white light and not added by the prism (as Roger Bacon had claimed in the thirteenth century), and notably argued that light is composed of particles.
From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King's School in Grantham.He was removed from school and by Oct 1659 he was to be found at Woolsthorpe, where his mother attempted to make a farmer of him. He was, by later reports of his contemporaries, thoroughly unhappy with the work. It appears to be Henry Stokes, master at the King's School, who persuaded his mother to send him back to school so that he might complete his education.
In June 1661 he matriculated to Trinity College, Cambridge.
When Newton arrived in Cambridge in 1661, the movement now known as the scientific revolution was well advanced, and many of the works basic to modern science had appeared.
Like thousands of other undergraduates, Newton began his higher education by immersing himself in Aristotle's work.
Even though the new philosophy was not in the curriculum, it was in the air.
A new set of notes, which he entitled Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae (Certain Philosophical Questions), begun sometime in 1664, usurped the unused pages of a notebook intended for traditional scholastic exercises; under the title he entered the slogan "Amicus Plato amicus Aristoteles magis amica veritas" ("Plato is my friend, Aristotle is my friend, but my best friend is truth").
Newton's scientific career had begun.
Newton died in London on March 20th, 1727, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
After his death, Newton's body was discovered to have had massive amounts of mercury in it, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life.
AND
Done by : Wan Xuan :D
Barbara McClintock
Born on June 16, 1902(1902-06-16)
Hartford, Connecticut, USA
Died on September 2, 1992 (aged 90)
Huntington, New York, USANationality: United States
Barbara McClintock was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the third of four children of physician Thomas Henry McClintock and Sara Handy McClintock. She was independent from a very young age, a trait McClintock described as her "capacity to be alone". From about the age of three until the time she started school, McClintock lived with an aunt and uncle in Massachusetts in order to reduce the financial burden on her parents while her father established his medical practice. The McClintocks moved to semi-rural Brooklyn, New York in 1908. She was described as a solitary and independent child, and a tomboy. She was close to her father, but had a difficult relationship with her mother.
McClintock completed her secondary education at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn.She discovered science at high school, and wanted to attend Cornell University to continue her studies. Her mother resisted the idea of higher education for her daughters, believing it would make them unmarriageable. The family also had financial problems. Barbara was almost prevented from starting college, but her father intervened, and she entered Cornell in 1919.
McClintock began her studies at Cornell's College of Agriculture in 1919. She studied botany, receiving a BSc in 1923. Her interest in genetics had been sparked when she took her first course in that field in 1921. The course was based on a similar one offered at Harvard University, and was taught by C. B. Hutchison, a plant breeder and geneticist. Barbara served as a graduate assistant in the Department of Botany from 1924 to 1927
In 1927, she was appointed as a botany instructor. In 1930, Barbara was the first person to describe the cross-shaped interaction of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In 1931, Barbara working with a graduate student Harriet Creighton proved the link between chromosomal crossover during meiosis and the recombination of genetic traits. She published the first genetic map for maize in 1931, showing the order of three genes on maize chromosome 9. In 1936, she accepted an Assistant Professorship in the Department of Botany at the University of Missouri. In 1938, Barbara produced a cytogenetic analysis of the centromere, describing the organization and function of the centromere.
For her groundbreaking work in the genetics of corn, she earned a place among the leaders in genetics. Barbara was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences in 1944. Almost half of the human genomes are composed of transposable elements or jumping DNA. In the 1940s Dr. Barbara first recognized jumping DNA in studies of peculiar inheritance patterns found in the colors of Indian corn. Jumping DNA refers to the idea that some stretches of DNA are unstable and "transposable," meaning they can move around - on and between the chromosomes. This particular theory was confirmed in the 1980s when scientists observed jumping DNA in other genomes. Now scientists believe transposons may be linked to some genetic disorders such as leukemia, hemophilia and breast cancer. They also believe that transposons may have played significant roles in human evolution. In 1983, Barbara McClintock was awarded the Nobel Prize in Genetics for the discovery of genetic transposition. She died in Huntington, New York on September 2, 1992. To this day, her work is relevant despite the fact that much of it was completed over half a century ago, before the advent of the molecular era.
Barbara McClintock was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the third of four children of physician Thomas Henry McClintock and Sara Handy McClintock. She was independent from a very young age, a trait McClintock described as her "capacity to be alone". From about the age of three until the time she started school, McClintock lived with an aunt and uncle in Massachusetts in order to reduce the financial burden on her parents while her father established his medical practice. The McClintocks moved to semi-rural Brooklyn, New York in 1908. She was described as a solitary and independent child, and a tomboy. She was close to her father, but had a difficult relationship with her mother.
McClintock completed her secondary education at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn.She discovered science at high school, and wanted to attend Cornell University to continue her studies. Her mother resisted the idea of higher education for her daughters, believing it would make them unmarriageable. The family also had financial problems. Barbara was almost prevented from starting college, but her father intervened, and she entered Cornell in 1919.
McClintock began her studies at Cornell's College of Agriculture in 1919. She studied botany, receiving a BSc in 1923. Her interest in genetics had been sparked when she took her first course in that field in 1921. The course was based on a similar one offered at Harvard University, and was taught by C. B. Hutchison, a plant breeder and geneticist. Barbara served as a graduate assistant in the Department of Botany from 1924 to 1927
In 1927, she was appointed as a botany instructor. In 1930, Barbara was the first person to describe the cross-shaped interaction of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In 1931, Barbara working with a graduate student Harriet Creighton proved the link between chromosomal crossover during meiosis and the recombination of genetic traits. She published the first genetic map for maize in 1931, showing the order of three genes on maize chromosome 9. In 1936, she accepted an Assistant Professorship in the Department of Botany at the University of Missouri. In 1938, Barbara produced a cytogenetic analysis of the centromere, describing the organization and function of the centromere.
For her groundbreaking work in the genetics of corn, she earned a place among the leaders in genetics. Barbara was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences in 1944. Almost half of the human genomes are composed of transposable elements or jumping DNA. In the 1940s Dr. Barbara first recognized jumping DNA in studies of peculiar inheritance patterns found in the colors of Indian corn. Jumping DNA refers to the idea that some stretches of DNA are unstable and "transposable," meaning they can move around - on and between the chromosomes. This particular theory was confirmed in the 1980s when scientists observed jumping DNA in other genomes. Now scientists believe transposons may be linked to some genetic disorders such as leukemia, hemophilia and breast cancer. They also believe that transposons may have played significant roles in human evolution. In 1983, Barbara McClintock was awarded the Nobel Prize in Genetics for the discovery of genetic transposition. She died in Huntington, New York on September 2, 1992. To this day, her work is relevant despite the fact that much of it was completed over half a century ago, before the advent of the molecular era.
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